Date: Thu, 17 Sep 92 05:00:40 From: Space Digest maintainer Reply-To: Space-request@isu.isunet.edu Subject: Space Digest V15 #208 To: Space Digest Readers Precedence: bulk Space Digest Thu, 17 Sep 92 Volume 15 : Issue 208 Today's Topics: Alien substance from space Clinton and Space Funding Hitting Phobos with TOS plantary formation Pluto Direct Propulsion Options (4 msgs) Probes - self portraits? (2 msgs) PUTTING VENUS IN AN ORBIT SIMILAR TO THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH (5 msgs) QUERY Re: Pluto Direct/ options Re- Terra-forming, The E-ca Solar Ram Jet The real issue: massive misallocation of funds Two-Line Orbital Element Set: Space Shuttle (2 msgs) Welcome to the Space Digest!! Please send your messages to "space@isu.isunet.edu", and (un)subscription requests of the form "Subscribe Space " to one of these addresses: listserv@uga (BITNET), rice::boyle (SPAN/NSInet), utadnx::utspan::rice::boyle (THENET), or space-REQUEST@isu.isunet.edu (Internet). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 15 Sep 92 16:59:34 EST From: Stupendous Man Subject: Alien substance from space Newsgroups: sci.space,misc.headlines Anyone have any ideas as to what the substance found on NASA's long term exposure unit is? Apparently it's something never before seen on Earth. The substance is a few microns of crystal-like material found on a piece of teflon from the structure. Brett _______________________________________________________________________________ Proconsul Computer Consulting CHA-CHING! Better, Cheaper, Faster (Pick any two :) Disclaimer: NOT! ------------------------------ Date: 16 Sep 92 01:54:00 GMT From: wingo%cspara.decnet@Fedex.Msfc.Nasa.Gov Subject: Clinton and Space Funding Newsgroups: sci.space In article <1469100015@igc.apc.org>, mwgoodman@igc.apc.org (Mark Goodman) writes... > >Reply-To: mwgoodman@igc.org > >Gerard Vignes writes: > >> We all know those are empty campaign promises, >> but we also know that Clinton and Gore are >> hostile to technology and research spending >> and especially to projects involving >> space exploration and astronomy. > >You may presume this to be true, but you certainly do not _know_ >it. Judging by their statements, precisely the opposite is true. >You would be hard pressed to find a stronger or more knowledgable >supporter in Congress of research and technology development than >Al Gore. > >Henry Spencer writes: > >>Of particular note is that John Pike reportedly has major input to their >>space positions and is likely to be head of the Space Council staff if >>C/G are elected. He basically opposes manned spaceflight and does not >>believe that cheaper launch vehicles (e.g. SSTO) are possible. Or so I >>am told; those who get to vote in this election might wish to investigate >>further if you care about the future of spaceflight. > >John Pike has been a big opponent of military space boondoggles >(SDI), but a big supporter of human space exploration. His skepticism >about cheaper launchers is based not on hostility to the idea but on >history, as one vehicle after another failed to live up to predictions. > >The key to the future of NASA lies with its new Administrator, not >with the next administration. To vote for President in this >election on the basis of space policy issues is silly, since the >candidates hardly differ. To urge people to vote on that basis is >irresponsible and dishonest. > >Mark W. Goodman Too bad that one of the first people to be replaced will by Administrator Goldin. That is what we heard at the WSC. Seems he pushes the exploration and development of space agenda of Bush too much. Sorry there Mark. I will get permission from the Huntsville Times to reprint here an article in Sunday before last paper where they interviewed Gore. He called planetary exploration and specifically Lunar/Mars missions "rah rah" things that could be done later after the problems down here are solved. Does that sound familiar? Dennis, University of Alabama in Huntsville. ------------------------------ Date: 15 Sep 1992 21:47:20 GMT From: Jeff Bytof Subject: Hitting Phobos with TOS Newsgroups: sci.space >Along these lines, perhaps we can steer upper stages headed for >deep space into intercept trajectories, and get some observing >time on a big telescope like Keck or Hubble to see what happens. >For example, could Mars Observer's TOS be steered into Phobos, >or would we have had to tinker with TOS's navigation box beforehand? >Do we know Phobos' orbit well enough to steer blind? I suspect we have to more than "tinker" with the TOS "navigation box" to hit Phobos. First, planetary quarentine dictates that TOS has a less than 10^-5 probability of impact with Mars. There will be no Mars avoidance manuever of the TOS after separation. Given the expected dispersion of the injection manuever, the aimpoint of injection is also biased well away from Phobos and Diemos. Steering into Phobos or Diemos would require beefed up telecommunications capability on TOS and probably imaging to do optical navigation on the inbound asymptote. Steering blind will get you nowhere in particular, ESPECIALLY at Mars. Jeff Bytof rabjab@golem.ucsd.edu ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 15 Sep 92 23:13:44 GMT From: Joe Cain Subject: plantary formation Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space,sci.geo.geology In article <195ds5INNij7@bigboote.WPI.EDU> rouleau@wpi.WPI.EDU (Marc Allan Rouleau) writes: > > I am working on a project here at WPI to examine theories on the >origin of the solar system. Can anyone suggest some good books, articles, >etc. Wow, there is a LOT of reading you might do. I would start with some good texts and send a portion of the primary reading list for my introductory class in planetary geology: Abell, G. O., D. Morrison, and S. C. Wolff, Exploration of the Universe, Saunders College Publ., 1991. Beatty, J. K. and A. Chaikin, The New Solar System, Sky & Cambridge Publ., QB501 .N47 1990. Carr, M. H., R. S. Saunders, R. G. Strom, and D. E. Wilhelms, The geology of the Terrestrial Planets, NASA SP-469, QB 601 .T47 1984. Hamblin, W. K., and E. H. Christiansen, Exploring the Planets, Macmillan, 1990. Hartmann, W. K., Moons and Planets, 3rd edition, Wadsworth, 1993. Joseph Cain cain@geomag.gly.fsu.edu cain@fsu.bitnet scri::cain ------------------------------ Date: 16 Sep 92 06:50:16 GMT From: Ron Baalke Subject: Pluto Direct Propulsion Options Newsgroups: sci.space,sci.astro,alt.sci.planetary In article , jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (Josh 'K' Hopkins) writes... >fcrary@ucsu.Colorado.EDU (Frank Crary) writes: >[on the subject of Pluto's atmosphere] > >>Yes: There was a stellar occultation in 1990 (? might have been 1989). >>The gradual drop in the observed light not only demonstrated the >>existance of an atmosphere, but also suggested some kind of structure >>(odd density-temperature profile or a haze layer...) > Also, Tobias Owen from the University of Hawaii detected nitrogen in Pluto's atmosphere earlier this year. >Do we need to worry about pulling another Titan? It would be kind of >embarrassing to dedicate a half billion, two probes and ten years of ops, only >to find out that Pluto's atmosphere is opaque :) The two known bodies in the solar system with opaque atmospheres are Venus and Titan, and both of them have atmospheres that are denser than Earth's. Pluto's atmosphere is not very dense and will eventually freeze out as it moves farther from the Sun. Also, the surface brightness of Pluto has been mapped (though at a very low resolution) by using the data gathered from the Pluto-Charon occultations from 1985 to 1990. The south pole was shown to be relatively bright, probably due an ice cap made up of methane. Dave Tholen was involved with this, and can probably give more details. ___ _____ ___ /_ /| /____/ \ /_ /| Ron Baalke | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov | | | | __ \ /| | | | Jet Propulsion Lab | ___| | | | |__) |/ | | |__ M/S 525-3684 Telos | Quiet people aren't the /___| | | | ___/ | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | only ones who don't say |_____|/ |_|/ |_____|/ | much. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 20:03:32 GMT From: Josh 'K' Hopkins Subject: Pluto Direct Propulsion Options Newsgroups: sci.space,sci.astro fcrary@ucsu.Colorado.EDU (Frank Crary) writes: [on the subject of Pluto's atmosphere] >Yes: There was a stellar occultation in 1990 (? might have been 1989). >The gradual drop in the observed light not only demonstrated the >existance of an atmosphere, but also suggested some kind of structure >(odd density-temperature profile or a haze layer...) Do we need to worry about pulling another Titan? It would be kind of embarrassing to dedicate a half billion, two probes and ten years of ops, only to find out that Pluto's atmosphere is opaque :) -- Josh Hopkins "I believe that there are moments in history when challenges occur of such a compelling nature that to miss them is to miss the whole meaning of an epoch. jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu Space is such a challenge" - James A. Michener ------------------------------ Date: 15 Sep 92 23:27:42 GMT From: "John P. Mechalas" Subject: Pluto Direct Propulsion Options Newsgroups: sci.space,sci.astro,alt.sci.planetary In article <1992Sep15.230223.27928@elroy.jpl.nasa.gov> baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov writes: >Also, Tobias Owen from the University of Hawaii detected nitrogen in >Pluto's atmosphere earlier this year. > >The two known bodies in the solar system with opaque atmospheres are Venus >and Titan, and both of them have atmospheres that are denser than Earth's. >Pluto's atmosphere is not very dense and will eventually freeze out as >it moves farther from the Sun. As I understand it, Pluto's atmosphere freezes when it's farthest from the sun and then falls to the surface. As it approaches the sun, the atmosphere then thaws out and "reforms". I think it would be well worth the effort to send a probe to study this, since it's a phenomenon that doesn't occur anywhere nearby. -- John Mechalas "I'm not an actor, but mechalas@gn.ecn.purdue.edu I play one on TV." Aero Engineering, Purdue University #include disclaimer.h ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 16 Sep 1992 02:10:48 GMT From: "robert.f.casey" Subject: Pluto Direct Propulsion Options Newsgroups: sci.space,sci.astro,alt.sci.planetary In article <1992Sep15.232742.20898@gn.ecn.purdue.edu> mechalas@gn.ecn.purdue.edu (John P. Mechalas) writes: >As I understand it, Pluto's atmosphere freezes when it's farthest from the >sun and then falls to the surface. As it approaches the sun, the atmosphere >then thaws out and "reforms". I think it would be well worth the effort to >send a probe to study this, since it's a phenomenon that doesn't occur >anywhere nearby. Wonder if there would be "snow" storms when Pluto's atmosphere freezes out, or would just form frozen "dew" on the surface. Maybe both, as the gas with the higher freezing point "snows" out before the gases with lower freezing points condense out. (Do I remember correctly that there are more than one gas in Pluto's atmosphere?) ------------------------------ Date: 16 Sep 92 04:55:44 GMT From: Ron Baalke Subject: Probes - self portraits? Newsgroups: sci.space In article <92Sep15.194116.34318@acs.ucalgary.ca>, jsbell@acs.ucalgary.ca (Joshua Bell) writes... >I've often wondered, especially in the wake of Gallileo's stuck >HGA, but also after Voyager 2 headed off into never-never land >past Neptune, why the cameras on these craft are unable to be >located so that they can take images of the craft itself, for >self-diagnosis, and also for PR - I would have LOVED a rather >non-scientific shot of Voyager 2 looking back over its own >shoulder towards Neptune, or during the fly-by, so we can see the >various parts of the craft. Both Voyager and Galileo carried cameras with 200mm and 1500mm lenses that were designed to take images of objects thousands to millions of miles away. They don't work too good for close distances, particulary as close as a few yards to do a self-portrait. However, Galileo did take a self-portrait using its NIMS instrument. The image was a thermal image and was used to verify that the High Gain antenna was partially deployed. ___ _____ ___ /_ /| /____/ \ /_ /| Ron Baalke | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov | | | | __ \ /| | | | Jet Propulsion Lab | ___| | | | |__) |/ | | |__ M/S 525-3684 Telos | Quiet people aren't the /___| | | | ___/ | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | only ones who don't say |_____|/ |_|/ |_____|/ | much. ------------------------------ Date: 15 Sep 1992 21:42:31 GMT From: Jeff Bytof Subject: Probes - self portraits? Newsgroups: sci.space Ron Baalke writes: >Both Voyager and Galileo carried cameras with 200mm and 1500mm lenses >that were designed to take images of objects thousands to millions of >miles away. They don't work too good for close distances, particulary >as close as a few yards to do a self-portrait. The Voyager spacecraft both had an optical calibration target which doubled as a power supply shunt and load radiator in full view of the scan platform. I believe the Galileo spacecraft only uses a 1500mm lens in its CCD camera system. Jeff Bytof rabjab@golem.ucsd.edu ------------------------------ Date: 15 Sep 92 22:47:51 GMT From: Jeff Bytof Subject: PUTTING VENUS IN AN ORBIT SIMILAR TO THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH Newsgroups: sci.space Dr. Alexander Abian proposes: > As mentioned above, a practical way for creating a life-sustaining ecology >say, on Venus, is to put Venus in an orbit similar to the Earth's orbit, to >begin with. This is the way, the only way. Dear Dr. Abian, Sir: There are two approaches to this problem: (1) use your mathematical abilities to model the effect of transfering Venus to Earth orbit, quantifying the possibly deleterious effects on the Earth's orbit and indigenous lifeforms. -or- (2) study Kabala, and become an AstroZionist, like me. --------- Jeff Bytof rabjab@golem.ucsd.edu ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 22:22:51 GMT From: Alexander Abian Subject: PUTTING VENUS IN AN ORBIT SIMILAR TO THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH Newsgroups: sci.space In our Solar System, the planet VENUS is the only planet which sizewise, masswise and substancewise closely resembles our planet Earth. The main difference between Venus and Earth lies in their orbits around the Sun. For one thing, Venus stays around 67 million miles away from the Sun, whereas Earth stays around 93 million miles away from the Sun. As a consequence of the corresponding greenhouse effects, Venus' average surface temperature is around 900 degrees F, whereas Earth's is around 60 degrees F. Venus, being an extraordinarily hot planet is unsuitable for sustaining life (as we know it). However, if we alter Venus' orbit and make it similar to the Earth's orbit, then the gradual process of generating life sustaining ecology on Venus will evolve automatically. As a result, a second Earth-like planet will be created which, in due course, will be readily and easily populated by the human species. The present-day tendencies of Space Scientists and Space Technology consist in keeping Venus or Mars in their existing orbits and trying to install on them machinery which will produce life-sustaining conditions. This approach most likely will not yield the desired results. Indeed, creating life- sustaining ecology on the planets (like Venus or Mars) whose present cosmic parameters, to begin with do not allow the existence of life on them, seems improbable and impractical. As mentioned above, a practical way for creating a life-sustaining ecology say, on Venus, is to put Venus in an orbit similar to the Earth's orbit, to begin with. This is the way, the only way. Philosophically: THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION, OR THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. C. DARWIN (1859) THE FUTURE OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF RATIONAL ALTERATION OF COSMOS, OR THE PRESERVATION OF INTELLIGENT RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. A. ABIAN (1992) Dr. Alexander Abian Professor of Mathematics Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011 USA phone: (515) 294-8135 ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 16 Sep 1992 01:05:46 GMT From: "Greg Fruth (JIAFS" Subject: PUTTING VENUS IN AN ORBIT SIMILAR TO THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH Newsgroups: sci.space In article abian@iastate.edu (Alexander Abian) writes: > In our Solar System, the planet VENUS is the only planet which sizewise, >masswise and substancewise closely resembles our planet Earth. [et cetera] > As mentioned above, a practical way for creating a life-sustaining ecology >say, on Venus, is to put Venus in an orbit similar to the Earth's orbit, to >begin with. This is the way, the only way. > >Dr. Alexander Abian >Professor of Mathematics >Iowa State University And while you're at it, please speed its rotation up so that its day is shorter than its year. Currently, the Venusian day is 243 Earth days while the Venusian year is 225 Earth days. I went there for spring break and the bars don't open until 6 PM local time, which was ten months away! Plus, my digital sundial wristwatch didn't seem to work. I think it had something to do with the fact that Venus's rotation is retrograde. I wanted to see the famous spectacular sunset over the pink-green sea but it was lunch time instead of dusk. What a terrible vacation. -- Greg Fruth jetson@vab02.larc.nasa.gov ___ ___ ____ __ ____ ___ __ / \| | /\ | \ | /\ |\ | | \ | |\ | | / \ \ / \___ |___| /__\ |__/ |__ /__\ | \ | | \ |__ | \ | | | | \_/ ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 16 Sep 1992 01:05:14 GMT From: "Richard A. Schumacher" Subject: PUTTING VENUS IN AN ORBIT SIMILAR TO THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH Newsgroups: sci.space This is the same guy who wanted to blow up the Moon to improve Earth's climate, right? ------------------------------ Date: 16 Sep 92 01:51:27 GMT From: Douglas R Fils Subject: PUTTING VENUS IN AN ORBIT SIMILAR TO THE ORBIT OF THE EARTH Newsgroups: sci.space In article schumach@convex.com (Richard A. Schumacher) writes: >This is the same guy who wanted to blow up the Moon to improve >Earth's climate, right? > Yup, that's him...... Continue the proud Iowa State tradition...I would if this on will make it in to the Journal of Science we all love..the Weekly World News -- ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 16 Sep 1992 06:28:56 GMT From: Ron Baalke Subject: QUERY Re: Pluto Direct/ options Newsgroups: sci.space Mark Brader writes: > Several slingshot trajectories have been proposed as alternatives to the > direct Pluto flight, but not the one that I would have thought obvious: > a simple Jupiter slingshot. Jupiter should be in the right position > for a period of, I would guess, some weeks or months, at intervals of > about 12 years. The Pluto proposal using the Mark Mariner II spacecraft would of used a Jupiter gravity assist. I managed to dig out an old post from last December, and it includes tibits on the Neptune orbiter mission. * Both probes would be Mariner Mark II spacecraft. * Both launched by Titan/Centaur. * Launch for Pluto in 2001, with gravity assists from Earth and Jupiter. * Launch for Neptune 8 months later, in 2002, with gravity assists from Venus (twice), Earth and Jupiter. * Observation of Pluto one year before and after closest approach. * 100 days before closest approach to Pluto, a daughter spacecraft with imaging instruments only will be released to arrive at Pluto 3.2 days (half a Pluto revolution) after the main craft, so that both hemispheres of Pluto and Charon can be imaged. * Pluto probe will continue out at a speed of about 3 AU per year, and should reach 75 to 110 AU before its useful life ends. * Neptune spacecraft will release a probe 6 to 8 days before closest approach. This will enter the atmosphere of Neptune. * Neptune orbitor's mission to last 4 years, with 25 to 45 gravity assists from Triton. One benefit of using the 2001 to 2003 launch window instead of the next Jupiter-assist launch window (2011) is that it would be more feasible to use the Mariner Mark II, since after CRAF/Cassini it would be difficult to replicate as parts became unavilable. Science return from Cassini is likely to end about 2008 - 2010. There would therefore only be a `short' gap before data starts coming from the Pluto-bound craft (2014 - 2016, ie a year before and after closest approach), followed by data from the Neptune craft from 2021 - 2025. ___ _____ ___ /_ /| /____/ \ /_ /| Ron Baalke | baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov | | | | __ \ /| | | | Jet Propulsion Lab | ___| | | | |__) |/ | | |__ M/S 525-3684 Telos | Quiet people aren't the /___| | | | ___/ | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | only ones who don't say |_____|/ |_|/ |_____|/ | much. ------------------------------ Date: 15 Sep 92 20:47:30 GMT From: "Thomas H. Kunich" Subject: Re- Terra-forming, The E-ca Newsgroups: sci.space In article steve_abrams@executive.isunet.edu (Steve Abrams) writes: > >However, if D-He3 fusion comes to pass, you go straight from nuclear energy to >electricity. I prefer real science over Ex Deus Machina. If and when fusion becomes a reality we can discuss it's ramifications on society. Besides, we don't have to guess about fission, solar power, wind energy, thermal, wave energy and man alive -- we could even couple the creep of the San Andreas Fault easier than we can discuss fusion. So electric cars are a significant -- nothing. The various power conversions end up being less efficient than the ICE and the private auto decentralizes the pollution sources. I do think that there is a future for electric cars. But I'm not wild about the wildly optomistic reports that the electric car age has arrived. I still think that there is a good possibility that steam engines may make a revival. Not to mention all of the engines, like the sterling cycle engines that can use lower temperature differentials to operate on -- say a solar focusing lense? ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 15 Sep 92 19:35:58 GMT From: Paul Raveling Subject: Solar Ram Jet Newsgroups: sci.space,sci.aeronautics In article <28yXqB2w165w@netlink.cts.com>, jim@netlink.cts.com (Jim Bowery) writes: > > A related idea is a solar ram jet. I haven't really given this much > thought but it is probably good enough for science fiction: While not identical to the idea you propose, an interesting variant from sci fi is the one that Larry Niven used in a series of books. (Was one of these titled "Rammer"?) In his writings these these ram "jets" enabled interstellar travel for the first time; look for books published about 2 1/2 decades ago. Actually the thing I liked about Larry Niven's writings was that he'd suggest plausible new technologies, then propose how they shape important elements of future civilizations and cultures. This exercise is sometimes fascinating, whether the topic is fictional or real technology. ------------------ Paul Raveling Raveling@Unify.com ------------------------------ Date: 16 Sep 92 02:02:00 GMT From: wingo%cspara.decnet@Fedex.Msfc.Nasa.Gov Subject: The real issue: massive misallocation of funds Newsgroups: sci.space In article <1992Sep14.202154.1225@techbook.com>, szabo@techbook.com (Nick Szabo) writes... >In article <1992Sep3.065318.10988@mullet.gu.uwa.edu.au> phew@mullet.gu.uwa.edu.au (Phew) writes: >> >>I fully agree that telepresence has validity in a large number of >>applications. What I would object to is development of telepresence >>as the *sole* means of presence in space. > >This isn't the important issue. The issue is a NASA budget that puts nearly >2/3 of its space funds towards astronaut projects, and less than 1% >towards telepresence. Does that reflect the potential contributions >of each? I think not. > > > >-- >szabo@techbook.COM Tuesday, November third ## Libertarian $$ vote >Tuesday ^^ Libertarian -- change ** choice && November 3rd @@Libertarian Hey I just figured it out! Nick IS a telepresence and AI experiment that went awry. Where is the soft restart key? Just kidding Nick. :-) Dennis ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 21:58:06 GMT From: TS Kelso Subject: Two-Line Orbital Element Set: Space Shuttle Newsgroups: sci.space The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity. Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil (129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space. STS 47 1 22120U 92 61 A 92258.25000000 .00075928 00000-0 25599-3 0 72 2 22120 56.9999 99.9735 0008844 286.2039 176.6558 15.89394833 261 -- Dr TS Kelso Assistant Professor of Space Operations tkelso@afit.af.mil Air Force Institute of Technology ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 22:02:21 GMT From: TS Kelso Subject: Two-Line Orbital Element Set: Space Shuttle Newsgroups: sci.space The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity. Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil (129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space. STS 47 1 22120U 92 61 A 92259.25000000 .00076222 00000-0 25599-3 0 105 2 22120 57.0001 95.3617 0008862 288.8795 137.8499 15.89469164 424 -- Dr TS Kelso Assistant Professor of Space Operations tkelso@afit.af.mil Air Force Institute of Technology ------------------------------ End of Space Digest Volume 15 : Issue 208 ------------------------------